Informatics Publishing Limited

Shashank Shekhar ¹, S. B. Singh ¹, Saleem Romani ¹

Affiliations
1 Central Ground Water Board, 18/11 Jamnagar House, Mansingh Road, New Delhi-11, IN

Abstract

The hydrogeology of the southwest district of National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi is challenging on the account of the fact that the quality of groundwater in the district shows horizontal and vertical variation with respect to salinity. The present paper tries to study the variation in the depth to fresh (electrical conductivity equal to or below 1500-2000 micro siemens per cm)/saline (electrical conductivity above 1500-2000 micro siemens per cm) water interface of the district and locate the factors controlling the variation in the depth to fresidsaline interface in the groundwater of the district. The map showing variation in the depth to fresh/saline interface In the groundwater of the district was studied Vis-a-Vis geology and cultural practices In the district, in order to identify the factors controlling the variation in the depth to fresh/saline water interface in the groundwater of the district.

Keywords

Hydrogeology, Groundwater, Salinity Zone, Delhi Area.

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Vikram Soni ¹, Shashank Shekhar ², Diwan Singh ³

Affiliations
1 Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110 025, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
3 Natural Heritage First, B49A, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi 110 057, IN

Abstract

With an eye on all the natural functions of a river, the present article considers the flow of the river Yamuna in Delhi as an example of monsoon rivers in India. About 80% of the total virgin flow of Indian rivers is during the monsoon period and the remaining 20% is during the non-monsoon period. In case of the river Yamuna in Delhi, we find that at least 50% of the vir-gin monsoon (July to September) flow is required for transport of the full spectrum of soil particles in the river sediment. A similar flow is needed for adequate recharge of the floodplain aquifers along the river. For the non-monsoon period (October to June), at least 60% of the virgin flow is necessary to avoid growth of still-water algae and to support river biodi-versity. We conclude that about 50-60% of the virgin flow is necessary throughout the year to maintain the health of the river system.

Keywords

Algal Choking, Environmental Flow, Flushing Flow, Monsoon Rivers, Sediment Transport, Soil Particles.

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Amit Kumar ¹, Barun Roy ¹, Praveen Kumar Praveen ², Subha Ganguly ³, Shashank Shekhar ⁴, Nirupama Dalai ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
2 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
3 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Arawali Veterinary College, Bajor, SIKAR (RAJASTHAN), IN
4 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
5 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN

Abstract

Supplement of vitamin C in different sources may have some important in production of commercial broiler chicken to reach better growth and performance supplementation of vitamin C may have some influence to combat stress to environmental temperature and humidity to study the effect of different sources of vitamin C viz., Him C (Herbal supplementation, of vitamin C) Limcee A synthetic ascorbic acid source and Amla natural source of vitamin C was taken in different treatment group on commercial broiler chicken, four hundred twenty days old commercial broiler chicks of Vencobb 400 strain of both sexes were randomly divided into four groups (one control and three treatment). The experimental group were CS1 (Fed controlled that without vitamin C supplementation) TS₁ (Fed controlled diet with Him C), TS₂ (Fed control diet with Limcee) and TS₃ (Fed controlled that with dried Amla). The trail was conducted under field condition for forty two days. From the present study it was concluded that the supplementation of dried Amla @ 185g/ton of feed showed better performance in term of live weight gain compared to supplementation of Him C and synthetic ascorbic acid, respectively.

Keywords

Body Performance, Chicken, Vitamin C.

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Richa Rai ¹, Debashis Bhattacharyya ¹, Praveen Kumar Praveen ², Subha Ganguly ³, Nirupama Dalai ⁴, Shashank Shekhar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Livestock Products Technology, West Bengal University Animal and Fishery Sciences, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
2 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, West Bengal University Animal and Fishery Sciences, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
3 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Arawali Veterinary College, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, SIKAR (RAJASTHAN), IN
4 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, West Bengal University Animal and Fishery Sciences, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN
5 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Bengal University Animal and Fishery Sciences, KOLKATA (W.B.), IN

Abstract

In this research, the effects of different cooking processes (pan fried and microwave cooking) on microbiological quality of the raw and cooked chevon meatballs were studied. Microbial flora of the raw meatballs was as follows: total plate count, 5.98±0.235 (log cfu/g); yeast and mould, 4.80±0.328 (log cfu/g); coliforms, 3.05±0.433 (log cfu/g). Highly significant (P<0.01) difference was noticed in microbiological quality of chevon meat balls. The cooking processes decreased the microbial flora approximately 2-3 log cycles, and pan frying was the effective cooking process for reducing microbial numbers compared to the microwave oven. The temperature of the Pan fried (150-160°C for 5-7 min) was higher than the To conclude, it was advised to use slightly higher temperatures than used in the microwave oven cooking procedures to increase microbial quality of the meat balls studied in this research.

Keywords

Pan Fried, Microwave Oven, Microbiological Quality, Chevon Meat Balls.

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Vikram Soni ¹, Shashank Shekhar ², S. V. N. Rao ³, Suman Kumar ², Diwan Singh ⁴

Affiliations
1 Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110 025, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
3 Water and Power Consultancy Services (WAPCOS), Hyderabad 500 004, IN
4 Natural Heritage First, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi 110 057, IN

Abstract

Cities world over are facing drinking water problem. The planners are often over emphasizing on sourcing surface water from far off places. This will involve exorbitant cost and many a times diversion of river flow beyond the permissible limit. Obviously such river flow diversions will have adverse ecological consequences. In this context, the article reinvents traditional knowledge with sound scientific rigour. It argues for ecologically sustainable local solutions for meeting drinking water need of cities from flood plain of rivers. A case of river Yamuna in Delhi has been discussed to highlight the potential of flood plain aquifer as a drinking water source.

Keywords

River Floodplains, Quality Drinking Water.

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Aryaman Jain ¹, Shashank Shekhar ²

Affiliations
1 Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110 042, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN

Abstract

Urban agglomerations in India of late have started facing drinking and domestic water scarcity. The city state of Delhi has witnessed accelerated urbanization and an exponential growth in population. In this context, it is desired to locate sustainable groundwater resources in Delhi. This communication examines the northern stretch of the Yamuna floodplain system in Delhi with respect to source sustainability. An aquifer can sustain extensive exploitation only if it is replenished regularly. Though the river floodplain system gets recharged by monsoon flooding, the recharged water may not sustain the source aquifer until the end of summer. Thus before exploitation all floodplains have to be examined vis-à-vis regional groundwater dynamics. In this context it was found that the floodplain system in the northern stretch of River Yamuna receives considerable regional groundwater flow. Some of this also contributes to river flow. The present study has estimated regional groundwater flow in this aquifer stretch of the Yamuna river system as 10,513,460 m³/yr (~11 MCM/yr). Besides, the yearly baseflow contribution to the Yamuna in the study area has been estimated as 518,472 m³/yr (~0.5 MCM/yr).

Keywords

Baseflow, Flownets, Floodplain, Regional Groundwater Discharge, River System.

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Vikram Soni ¹, Shashank Shekhar ², Vikrant Jain ³

Affiliations
1 Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110 025, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
3 Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382 355, IN

Abstract

The present article highlights the need for a clear techno-legal definition of the river floodplains in India. In the context of environment protection, it reviews some of the recent judgements passed by the National Green Tribunal of India (NGT) pertaining to protection of the river floodplains. The inconsistency and differences in the legal arguments pertaining to the definition of river floodplains are highlighted. The geomorphic and hydraulic approach used for defining the floodplain of a river are discussed. It has emerged out from the discussions that the only abiding and faithful definition of the floodplain is its hydro-geomorphic character. This is manifested by sand, silt and clay and various geomorphic units associated with the depositional activity of the present day river.

Keywords

Embankment, Environment, Floodplain, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Hydro-Geomorphic, National Green Tribunal, Techno-Legal.

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Arkaprabha Sarkar ¹, Vicky Shankar ¹, Vimal Singh ¹, Iain Stewart ², Shashank Shekhar ¹, Vinayak Sinha ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Center of Advanced Studies, Chhatra Marg, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
2 Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan, IN
3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140 306, IN

Abstract

With urbanization, cities are becoming new landscapes, significantly altering the properties, processes and pathways of previous natural environments. The natural critical zones that have existed for millennia are rapidly getting modified by the superimposition of the urban components to give rise to a new critical zone system, viz. the urban critical zone. The clogging and bypassing of the natural process pathways and the increasing demands of urban populations for ecosystem services put the native critical zone and the adjoining zones under stress. To elucidate this point, we present a case study on Delhi, the capital city of India, to demonstrate how the urban critical zone is unsustainable. We exemplify the increasing demand and supply gap of basic ecosystem services, such as clean air and water, that are essential to sustain life. In doing so, we redefine the limits of the critical zone in urban areas, recognizing that significant parts of cities are beyond the presently defined critical zone.

Keywords

Ecosystem Services, Natural Environments, Planetary Boundary Layer, Sustainable Development, Urban Critical Zone.

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